Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are two distinct mental health conditions with traits that sometimes align. Recent studies have highlighted this connection, showing that a significant number of individuals with BPD also show signs of narcissistic traits. Various studies indicate that between 15% and 42% of people diagnosed with BPD may exhibit characteristics associated with NPD.
In this article, we'll examine whether individuals with BPD develop narcissistic traits, explore how these traits manifest in those with BPD, and investigate the impact of social media.
Do People with BPD Develop Narcissistic Traits?
Not every individual with BPD will develop narcissistic traits. While some may exhibit such behaviors, it's not a universal outcome. BPD is characterized by intense mood swings, unstable relationships, and a distorted self-image. They often grapple with identity issues and fear of abandonment. Alternatively, NPD entails a pervasive pattern of arrogance, a constant craving for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.
In some cases, individuals with BPD may develop narcissistic defenses as a way of coping with their emotional pain and instability, but this doesn't mean they have developed full-blown NPD. They are separate personality disorders with distinct diagnostic criteria and characteristics. Similarly, individuals with NPD may experience periods of emotional instability or exhibit traits associated with BPD, but this doesn't mean they have transitioned into having BPD.
That said, it's important to note that personality disorders can sometimes coexist or share certain traits. When BPD and NPD traits co-occur, individuals often exhibit a specific subtype of NPD known as vulnerable narcissism. This subtype involves heightened sensitivity to criticism and rejection, alongside a general distrust of others. Those with covert narcissism may experience heightened negative emotions and social isolation, sharing significant similarities in behavior and emotion with BPD.
Both BPD and NPD exhibit manipulative tendencies and intense emotional responses rooted in a deep-seated fear of abandonment. In both disorders, individuals may employ control tactics to shape situations or relationships, constantly seeking validation and admiration. While both BPD and NPD may engage in manipulative behaviors, their motivations differ. In BPD, there's a tendency for idealization and devaluation, where others are perceived as either entirely good or bad, leading to efforts to control emotions and perceptions. Emotional blackmail, such as guilt-tripping or threats of self-harm, may be used to gain attention or exert control.
On the other hand, NPD involves exploitation for personal gain, gaslighting to create doubt in others, and projecting a false, grandiose image for admiration. The lack of empathy in NPD drives manipulative behaviors, often disregarding others' feelings in pursuit of personal goals.
Treating both BPD and NPD simultaneously can be challenging due to the unique features and treatment approaches for each disorder. Therapists often need to address both emotional dysregulation (common in BPD) and grandiosity/lack of empathy (common in NPD).
Example of BPD individuals adapting NPD traits
An individual diagnosed with BPD experiences intense emotional swings and a persistent fear of abandonment in relationships. To cope with these overwhelming emotions and the constant threat of being left alone, this person may begin to adopt certain narcissistic behaviors:
Grandiosity: To protect themselves from feelings of inadequacy and abandonment, they may begin to overstate their achievements and abilities, seeking external validation to boost their self-esteem.
Lack of Empathy: To shield themselves from the intense emotions of others, particularly the fear of being rejected, they become less aligned with the feelings of those around them. Empathy diminishes as a way to self-preserve.
Manipulation: Fearing abandonment, they may develop manipulative tendencies, such as emotional manipulation or controlling behaviors, to maintain a sense of control in relationships and avoid perceived threats.
It's important to emphasize that Individuals with BPD may employ various coping mechanisms, and not everyone with BPD will exhibit narcissistic traits.
Can Social Media Influence the Development of Narcissistic Traits in BPD?